In order to let an Ubuntu system access the net via a proxy, edit two files and you're done.

/etc/environment:

http_proxy="http://:/"
https_proxy="http://:/"
ftp_proxy="http://:/"
no_proxy="localhost,127.0.0.1,::1

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/90_proxy.conf:

Acquire {
  HTTP::proxy "http://:";
  HTTPS::proxy "http://:";
}